Gamgok Cathedral was founded in 1896 by Father Camillus Bouillon, who came to Korea from France directly after gaining his priesthood. The church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary due to the priest's prayers to the Blessed Mother to provide the land for the church.

The church has a long history spanning over 100 years. It was reportedly used as a shelter for local citizens from North Korean soldiers returning north during the end of the Korean War. The current structure was built in 1930, designed after the Myeong-dong Cathedral in Seoul. Also on the church grounds is Maegoe Museum, originally the house of Father Bouillon, which is now converted into a museum showing the history of this small, yet important Cathedral.